ATYPICAL CRANIOFACIAL INJURY CAUSED BY A FIREARM PROJECTILE IN THE MAXILLARY BONE: CASE REPORT

Abstract

Firearm injuries present a significant challenge for forensic sciences, requiring precise analysis of ballistic mechanisms and their effects on skeletal structures. Forensic odontology has increasingly contributed to examining craniofacial injuries, supporting both scientific interpretation and legal processes. This study reports the forensic analysis of a skeletonized skull with two distinct firearm projectile (FP) trajectories. While classic ballistic signs such as external beveling, radiating fractures, and the Bonnet funnel sign were observed, particular focus is given to an unusual orifice in the left maxilla. This lesion, marked by irregular borders and extensive comminution, deviated from typical entry and exit wound patterns, demonstrating how bone thickness and fragility influence ballistic damage. The sequential assessment of injuries suggested that the first shot occurred at the left temporoparietal junction, followed by a facial shot. The maxillary orifice, in particular, raised hypotheses about the symbolic or practical intent behind the second shot, aligning with literature describing disfigurement practices in homicidal cases. The case highlights the complexity of interpreting firearm injuries in delicate facial bones and emphasizes the importance of detailed osteological examination when faced with unusual presentations. It underscores the value of combining forensic anthropology, dentistry, and ballistics to reconstruct projectile trajectories and develop hypotheses about the dynamics of violent death. Given the increasing circulation of firearms and persistently high homicide rates in Brazil, the study emphasizes the scientific and judicial importance of interdisciplinary forensic approaches supported by thorough documentation.